A Reexamination of the Theological Thought of Muhammad 'Umar Sarbazi in Critique of Wahhabi Beliefs

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Level 4 Researcher in Comparative Theology, Islamic Seminary of Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Al-Mustafa University, Qom, Iran.

Abstract

The Wahhābī movement, through literalist and takfīrī (excommunicating) interpretations, has consistently generated doubts (shubuhāt) and doctrinal disputes within the Muslim world. This study examines the theological foundations of Muḥammad ʿUmar Sarbāzī—a prominent Iranian Deobandī scholar representing mainstream Sunnī tradition—in response to these doubts. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and drawing on Sarbāzī's writings alongside primary Deobandī and Wahhābī sources, this research demonstrates that Sarbāzī, grounded in the Māturīdī school, Ḥanafī jurisprudence (fiqh), and Naqshbandī Sufism, critiques Wahhābism across eight principal axes: (1) Takfīr (Excommunication): Invoking the principle of "non-excommunication of the people of the qibla" (ʿadam takfīr ahl al-qibla), he strongly opposes Wahhābī takfīrī tendencies; (2) Attributive (Khabarī) Divine Attributes: To avoid anthropomorphism (tashbīh) and corporealism (tajsīm), he deems hermeneutical interpretation (taʾwīl) necessary, contrasting the Wahhābī "without asking how" (bi-lā kayf) approach; (3) Intermediate Life (Ḥayāt-i Barzakhi): Affirming that prophets and saints live in their graves and hear the living, he reinforces the foundations of intercession (tawassul), visitation (ziyāra), and seeking aid (istighātha); (4) Intercession (Tawassul) and Seeking Aid (Istighātha): He permits intercession through the Prophet (PBUH) and saints—in life and after death—provided one rejects their independent agency; (5) Intercession (Shafāʿa): He regards the Prophet's (PBUH) intercession for his community after death as an established Sunnī doctrine; (6) Visitation of Graves (Ziyārat al-Qubūr): He permits travel (shadd al-riḥāl) to visit the Prophet's (PBUH) grave, viewing it as veneration; (7) Seeking Blessings (Tabarruk): He regards seeking blessings through relics of prophets and the righteous as legitimate, with precedent among the Salaf; (8) The Faith of the Prophet's Ancestors: Opposing Wahhābī views and the Sunnī majority, he considers the Prophet's (PBUH) ancestors innate monotheists (muwaḥḥid-i fiṭrī), rejecting any attribution of polytheism (shirk) to them. Thus, Sarbāzī's theological foundations—rooted in the classical theological-mystical tradition of Sunnī Islam—provide a well-documented, systematic response to Wahhābī doubts and represent Deobandī traditionalist opposition to takfīrī Salafism.

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Main Subjects


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